Polyphenol intake and cardiovascular risk in the PREDIMED-Plus trial. A comparison of different risk equations.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Quantification of cardiovascular risk has been based on scores such as Framingham, Framingham-REGICOR, SCORE or Life's Simple 7 (LS7). In vitro, animal, and randomized clinical studies have shown that polyphenols may provide benefits to the vascular system and reduce the inflammatory response. However, some clinical-epidemiological studies have yielded inconsistent results. Our aim was to assess the possible association between intake of the various polyphenol classes and established cardiovascular scores. METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis involved 6633 PREDIMED-Plus study participants. Food polyphenol content was estimated by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, adjusted for total energy intake according to the residual method. The association between polyphenol intake and cardiovascular risk was tested using linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Total polyphenol and flavonoid intake were directly and significantly associated only with the LS7 scale. Intake of lignans was directly and significantly associated with SCORE and LS7 scales, stilbene intake with SCORE, and phenolic acid intake with Framingham and Framingham-REGICOR scores. Other polyphenol classes were associated in a protective and significant manner in Framingham, SCORE and LS7 scores. In women, intake of all the polyphenol classes, except phenolic acids, showed a protective trend in the results of the Framingham, Framingham-REGICOR scores and LS7 scale. CONCLUSIONS: An inverse association was found between consumption of the 'other polyphenols' class and, especially among women, with estimated cardiovascular risk. The results were similar to those of Framingham, Framingham-REGICOR and LS7 (after eliminating the diet component) and differed from those of SCORE, but the predictors included were limited in the latter case.

¿Es útil la implantación de programas de gestión clínica de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica? Comparación de la efectividad de dos intervenciones sobre la evolución clínica y la atención recibida / Is the introduction of clinical management programs for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease useful? Comparison of the effectiveness of two interventions on the clinical progress and care received

Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de dos programas de gestión en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). Diseño: Estudio de diseño cuasi-experimental para evaluar la efectividad de dos intervenciones (I1, I2) para la asistencia de pacientes con EPOC, tras un seguimiento medio de 31,2 meses. Emplazamiento: Centros de atención primaria de dos áreas sanitarias de Barcelona y sus hospitales de referencia. Participantes: Pacientes EPOC seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple en los que constara algún código correspondiente a EPOC. Intervenciones: I1: Programa de gestión integral que optimizaba y coordinaba los recursos. Se hizo formación y control de calidad de la espirometría. I2: Intervenciones aisladas, como el call-center. Compartían circuitos asistenciales y la historia clínica informatizada. Mediciones principales: variables de función pulmonar, gravedad, uso de inhaladores, estilos de vida, calidad de vida y exacerbaciones. Resultados: De los 393 pacientes evaluados al inicio, 120 y 104 (I1 e I2, respectivamente) realizaron la evaluación final. Con la I1 hubo una reducción de los pacientes fumadores (p = 0,034). En ambos grupos, la función pulmonar y la calidad de vida se mantuvieron y la disnea mostró un leve empeoramiento. El correcto uso de inhaladores aumentó, aunque solo alcanzó el 48 y el 61% con la I1 e I2, respectivamente. El porcentaje de pacientes exacerbados disminuyó con la I1 (respecto I2 [p < 0,001]) y el de ingresos hospitalarios por exacerbación disminuyó con la I2 (respecto I1 [p < 0,003]). Conclusiones: Ambas intervenciones consiguieron mejoras relevantes y el no empeoramiento global de una enfermedad crónica y progresiva como es la EPOC (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of two management programs on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Design: A study with a quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of two interventions (I1, I2) for the care of patients with COPD after a mean follow-up of 31.2 months. Setting: Primary Care Centres in two Barcelona Health Areas and their referral hospitals. Participants: Patients with COPD selected by simple random sampling using any disease code corresponding to COPD. Interventions: I1: Integrated management program that was optimised and coordinated the resources. Training was given, as well as quality control of spirometry. I2: Isolated interventions like a call-centre. Care circuits and computerised clinical notes were shared. Main measurements: Variables were recorded as regards lung function, severity, use of inhalers, lifestyles, quality of life, and exacerbations. Results: Of the 393 patients evaluated at the beginning, 120 and 104 (I1 and I2, respectively) received the final evaluation. With I1, there was a reduction in patients who smoked (P=.034). Lung function and quality of life did not change significantly in either group, but shortness of breath was slightly worse. There was an increase in the correct use of inhalers, although it only reached 48% and 61% with interventions I1 and I2, respectively. The percentage of patients with exacerbations decreased with I1 compared to that of I2 (P<.001), and there were less hospital admissions due to exacerbations with I2 compared to I1 (P<.003]). Conclusions: Both interventions achieved significant improvements, and no overall worsening of a chronic and progressive disease as is COPD (AU)

[Is the introduction of clinical management programs for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease useful? Comparison of the effectiveness of two interventions on the clinical progress and care received]. / ¿Es útil la implantación de programas de gestión clínica de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica? Comparación de la efectividad de dos intervenciones sobre la evolución clínica y la atención recibida.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of two management programs on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). DESIGN: A study with a quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of two interventions (I1, I2) for the care of patients with COPD after a mean follow-up of 31.2months. SETTING: Primary Care Centres in two Barcelona Health Areas and their referral hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with COPD selected by simple random sampling using any disease code corresponding to COPD. INTERVENTIONS: I1: Integrated management program that was optimised and coordinated the resources. Training was given, as well as quality control of spirometry. I2: Isolated interventions like a call-centre. Care circuits and computerised clinical notes were shared. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Variables were recorded as regards lung function, severity, use of inhalers, lifestyles, quality of life, and exacerbations. RESULTS: Of the 393 patients evaluated at the beginning, 120 and 104 (I1 and I2, respectively) received the final evaluation. With I1, there was a reduction in patients who smoked (P=.034). Lung function and quality of life did not change significantly in either group, but shortness of breath was slightly worse. There was an increase in the correct use of inhalers, although it only reached 48% and 61% with interventions I1 and I2, respectively. The percentage of patients with exacerbations decreased with I1 compared to that of I2 (P<.001), and there were less hospital admissions due to exacerbations with I2 compared to I1 (P<.003]). CONCLUSIONS: Both interventions achieved significant improvements, and no overall worsening of a chronic and progressive disease as is COPD.

Características de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en fase estable relacionadas con la inflamación sistémica / Characteristics of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related to systemic inflammation

Fundamento y objetivo: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es un proceso que cursa con inflamación sistémica. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre la inflamación sistémica, medida con la concentración de proteína C reactiva (PCR) en sangre capilar, y distintos parámetros clínico-funcionales de la enfermedad. Pacientes y método: Se evaluó una muestra aleatoria de 413 pacientes con EPOC atendidos en 31 centros de salud de Barcelona. Se registraron antecedentes, variables antropométricas, hábitos tóxicos, tratamientos, Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ, «Cuestionario de Enfermedades Respiratorias Crónicas») y escala de disnea. Se realizó una espirometría y se determinó la concentración de CO en aire espirado y de la PCR en sangre capilar. Resultados: La media (desviación estándar) de edad fue 72 (8,4) años y la del volumen espirado en el primer segundo (FEV1) posbroncodilatador de 1,65 (0,65) l. La correlación fue negativa entre PCR y FEV1 posbroncodilatador (r=-0,25, p<0,001), así como entre PCR y puntuación en el CRQ (r=-0,098, p=0,048), y fue positiva entre PCR y CO en aire espirado (r=0,1, p=0,039). La proporción de pacientes con PCR elevada fue superior en los estadios GOLD más avanzados (p<0,001), en aquellos con más disnea (p=0,042), en los tratados con glucocorticoides inhalados (p=0,018) y en aquellos que habían ingresado por agudización en el último año (p=0,026). El análisis multivariante indicó como determinantes independientes de la PCR el FEV1 posbroncodilatador y la concentración de CO en aire espirado. Conclusión: En los pacientes con EPOC, el tabaquismo activo y el grado de la obstrucción al flujo aéreo se asocian a una mayor intensidad de la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica medida por la PCR (AU)

Background and objetive: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a systemic inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between systemic inflammation, measured with C reactive protein (CRP), and clinical and functional outcomes of the disease. Patients and methods: A randomized sample of 413 COPD patients from 31 primary health care centers of Barcelona was evaluated. Medical history, anthropometric measurements, toxic habits, treatments, Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) and dyspnea were registered. Spirometry, exhaled CO concentration and CRP in capillary blood were performed. Results: Median (standard deviation) of the age was 72 (8.4) years and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) postbronchodilatador 1.65 (0.65) l. The correlation was negative between CRP and FEV1 postbronchodilatador(r=-0.25, P<0.001) and between CRP and CRQ scores (r=-0.098, P=0.048) and positive between CRP and CO (r=0.1, P=0.039). The ratio of patients with elevated CRP was higher in advanced GOLD stage (P<0.001), worst dyspnea (P=0.042), patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids (P=0.018) and if they had been hospitalized during the last year (P=0.026). The multivariant analysis showed, as independent factors of elevated CRP, FEV1 postbronchodilator and CO concentration. Conclusion: In COPD patients, active smoking habit and the airway's obstruction degree are associated with a greater intensity of the inflammatory systemic response measured by the CRP (AU)

[Characteristics of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related to systemic inflammation]. / Características de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en fase estable relacionadas con la inflamación sistémica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a systemic inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between systemic inflammation, measured with C reactive protein (CRP), and clinical and functional outcomes of the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized sample of 413 COPD patients from 31 primary health care centers of Barcelona was evaluated. Medical history, anthropometric measurements, toxic habits, treatments, Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) and dyspnea were registered. Spirometry, exhaled CO concentration and CRP in capillary blood were performed. RESULTS: Median (standard deviation) of the age was 72 (8.4) years and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) postbronchodilatador 1.65 (0.65) l. The correlation was negative between CRP and FEV(1) postbronchodilatador(r=-0.25, P<0.001) and between CRP and CRQ scores (r=-0.098, P=0.048) and positive between CRP and CO (r=0.1, P=0.039). The ratio of patients with elevated CRP was higher in advanced GOLD stage (P<0.001), worst dyspnea (P=0.042), patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids (P=0.018) and if they had been hospitalized during the last year (P=0.026). The multivariant analysis showed, as independent factors of elevated CRP, FEV(1) postbronchodilator and CO concentration. CONCLUSION: In COPD patients, active smoking habit and the airway's obstruction degree are associated with a greater intensity of the inflammatory systemic response measured by the CRP.

Assessment of a primary and tertiary care integrated management model for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Spain continues to present challenges, and problems are exacerbated when there is a lack of coordinated follow-up between levels of care. This paper sets out the protocol for assessing the impact of an integrated management model for the care of patients with COPD. The new model will be evaluated in terms of 1) improvement in the rational utilization of health-care services and 2) benefits reflected in improved health status and quality of life for patients. METHODS/DESIGN: A quasi-experimental study of the effectiveness of a COPD management model called COPD PROCESS. The patients in the study cohorts will be residents of neighborhoods served by two referral hospitals in Barcelona, Spain. One area comprises the intervention group (n = 32,248 patients) and the other the control group (n = 32,114 patients). The study will include pre- and post-intervention assessment 18 months after the program goes into effect. Analyses will be on two datasets: clinical and administrative data available for all patients, and clinical assessment information for a cohort of 440 patients sampled randomly from the intervention and control areas. The main endpoints will be the hospitalization rates in the two health-care areas and quality-of-life measures in the two cohorts. DISCUSSION: The COPD PROCESS model foresees the integrated multidisciplinary management of interventions at different levels of the health-care system through coordinated routine clinical practice. It will put into practice diagnostic and treatment procedures that are based on current evidence, multidisciplinary consensus, and efficient use of available resources. Care pathways in this model are defined in terms of patient characteristics, level of disease severity and the presence or absence of exacerbation. The protocol covers the full range of care from primary prevention to treatment of complex cases.